The Us Federal Communications Commission Protecting free essay sample

The ( Us ) Federal Communications Commission: Protecting The Public Interest Essay, Research Paper The chief intent for the being of the Federal Communications Commission s licencing system is to protect the public involvement. The licensing of telecasting and wireless Stationss ensures that the electromagnetic broadcast spectrum, which is a scarce resource, is decently distributed to those that can outdo run the installations while supplying programming that is of involvement to all. The application of a broadcast licence involves many stairss and it varies for FM and AM wireless Stationss. The Mass Media Bureau of the Federal Communications Commission is responsible for modulating the telecasting and wireless Stationss in the United States. The Bureau issues broadcast licences stipulating the community of licence, the channel and runing power of the station. The conditions of the licence guarantee that the broadcast will be picked up without intervention. If jobs arise, the Bureau investigates and resolves the jobs. We will write a custom essay sample on The Us Federal Communications Commission Protecting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The licensing of wireless Stationss began with the Radio Act of 1927 in which the Federal Radio Commission ( FRC ) was established based on petitions from the industry itself. This act along with the Communications act of 1934 allowed the committee to make and implement criterions for the usage of the public airwaves. While the committee does non hold power over the full wireless spectrum granted by International pact to the United States, as half the available frequences have been designated for authorities usage, the committee does command all commercial and private petitions. Because the wireless spectrum is non big plenty to suit everyone who might desire to utilize it, an application and licensing system has been established. This criterion of licensing does non utilize a lottery or auction to the highest bidder, but alternatively grants licences based on the # 8220 ; best qualified to function the public convenience, involvement, or necessity. # 8221 ; ( FCC # 8211 ; What it does, page 379 ) Such licences are renewed every seven old ages based on conformity with the ordinances set Forth by the committee every bit good as the station s go oning ability to function the public good. The allotment of frequences varies between FM ( Frequency Modulation ) and AM ( Amplitude Modulation ) Stationss. AM Stationss are distributed on a # 8220 ; demand # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; first semen, foremost served # 8221 ; footing. The demand system allows market manner distribution in metropoliss that can back up more frequences because of greater population. The big population centres draw the largest figure of appliers because they are able to back up a big diverseness of Stationss and programming. FM Stationss are distributed likewise to telecasting in that communities are assigned certain frequences for usage today or in the hereafter. This protects the smaller communities that might non be able to run Stationss today and might be unable to have one utilizing the demand system which does non adequately program for future growing. There is a tabular array of allotments for each metropolis that can merely be changed utilizing formal rule-making proceedings. There are certain demands that an applicant must run into before being considered for a licence. # 8220 ; Section 310 of the communications act mandates that a licence may non be held by a non-citizen, a foreign authorities, a foreign corporation, or any corporation of which any officer or manager is an foreigner or of which more than one fifth of the capital stock is owned by non-citizens. # 8221 ; ( FCC # 8211 ; What It does, page 389 ) Such demands guarantee that the electromagnetic is non being distributed to foreign involvements that might utilize the frequences in a mode that does non profit the public involvement of the citizens of this state. The applicant must be of good moral character and there can be no inquiries sing the honestness of the applier either in other concern traffics or in the application itself. This proviso of the application procedure is a instead subjective determination made by the committee, but, its chief intent is to keep the fairness and honestnes s of its prospective licensees. A past record of dishonesty or deceit is a good mark of possible future misdemeanors and is prohibited. The FCC requires the prospective licensee to demo cogent evidence of fiscal capableness to run the station for 90 yearss without any income. The applier must besides demo its ability to concept, purchase, and run the installations required for transmittal. While this requirement sets a minimal fiscal duty for the appliers that disqualifies the bulk of the population, such ordinances guarantee that the scarce resource will be protected from those who can non afford to run it. While the FCC does necessitate cogent evidence of such duties, it does non give an advantage to those who have more of a financia cubic decimeter endorsing than others. Applications that merely run into the minimal duties are non weighed any less than those that have well more money that the lower limits. All appliers must show to the committee that they have sufficient proficient cognition to run into all of the proficient demands set Forth in FCC regulations. The ability to run equipment that has been approved for the assorted categories of Stationss every bit good as fix proficient bugs assures that intervention or blazing proficient misdemeanors will be minimized. The FCC has the right to non accept, which is different from rejection, those applications that do non run into the minimal proficient demands. The FCC besides has ordinances that encourage and even necessitate media diverseness. Multiple ownership regulations attempts to forestall a individual individual, entity, or organisation to have more than the standard sum of broadcast Stationss. The FCC furthers these ordinances by forbiding multiple ownership of installations in the same community or country, those restricting ownership no affair where the installations are, and those prohibiting newspapers from having a telecasting station in the same community. No individual entity can have two AM Stationss, FM Stationss, or two telecasting Stationss in the same community unless their scheduling is non-commercial. Limits on the figure of Stationss owned throughout the state besides apply, with a cap of 12 to 14 Stationss entire, depending on minority hiring patterns. Because this was one time permitted, certain Stationss have been # 8220 ; grandfathered # 8221 ; in to the new regulations, nevertheless, such clauses do non use i f ownership is sold or transferred in the hereafter. The Federal Communications Commission can ticket a station or take its licence if it finds that a broadcaster is go againsting FCC regulations. FCC regulations by and large do non regulate the choice of programming that is broadcast. The chief exclusions are that broadcasters may non air obscene scheduling ; they may air indecent programming merely when there is a strong chance that no kids are in the audience ; and they must restrict the figure of commercials aired during scheduling aimed at kids. There are besides regulations to guarantee that campaigners for public office are able to hold entree to the air for their paid political ads every bit good as responses and equal clip for qualified campaigners. Once the application has been submitted for rating, the FCC will allow a licence if it feels that the # 8220 ; public convenience, involvement, or necessity will be served thereby. # 8221 ; ( FCC # 8211 ; What it Does, page 412 ) If for any ground the committee is unable to do a determination that the station will function the public involvement, there must be a full hearing with the # 8220 ; load of cogent evidence placed on the applicant. # 8221 ; ( FCC # 8211 ; What it Does, page 412 ) Other broadcast Stationss or citizens groups that might be affected besides have the right to name licensing into inquiry by hearing. Such groups can try to demo that the granting of a new licence will hold an economically inauspicious consequence on the already established station. The committee can take these histories into consideration but can non protect Stationss from competition. In such instances where there is some inquiry by the committee, but all the makings have been met, impermane nt 180 twenty-four hours or more licences can and will be granted. Applications that do non run into the makings of the committee or make non win lottery or competitions for appliers of equal making are rejected. Such rejections can be appealed. If a licence is granted, the Broadcaster does non have the frequence, but alternatively holds a # 8220 ; renewable licence to utilize the frequences on which the station transmits. # 8221 ; ( page 100 press release ) These licences are renewed every bit long as their are no viing appliers in a # 8220 ; gum elastic cast # 8221 ; procedure every seven old ages if # 8220 ; all the standards for licence are still met. # 8221 ; ( page 106 press release ) If there are rivals seeking the same broadcast licence at reclamation clip, the past public presentation of the station is besides evaluated. If in any instance a licence is revoked or suspended, the broadcaster has the right to an entreaty or reappraisal in which the accused or rejected must turn out that he or she did non go against the regulations set Forth in the Communications Act of 1934 or is in the public involvement to be granted a licence. The application procedure for a broadcast licence is rather complex but seeks to gua rantee that the public involvement is ever being served. The regulations for such applications were established with the Communications Act of 1934 and go on to stay in consequence today. While certain add-ons and alterations have been made in the procedure since the original authorship, the foresight and prudence of the act and its application procedure has served the populace and its involvements good and will go on to function the populace commendably in the hereafter.

Attachment Theory And Risk Assessment Social Work Essay Example

Attachment Theory And Risk Assessment Social Work Essay Example Attachment Theory And Risk Assessment Social Work Essay Attachment Theory And Risk Assessment Social Work Essay Associating Theory, Research, and Practice: Risk-Assessments and Child Protection. The primary end of this paper was to broaden my cognition and understanding around the theory, research, policies, and processs steering risk-assessment determination devising within child protection service. Persons and group identified as at-risk- , for one or more countless grounds have been the wide focal point of a decennary s worth of academic and professional purists. Although the initial concern for all at-risk person remains, practical and academic experiences have narrowed the range to include kids under the age of 12, at risk- of, or presently shacking out-of-home-care arrangements ( afterlife referred to as attention environments ) . Of all at-risk- populations, I believe these kids are the most vulnerable to negative results in the close and distant hereafters. Substantiated allegations of kid maltreatment1 are responsible for 80 % of kid protection probes, and preceded out-of-home attention arrangements of at least 90 % of the current care-population ( Gough, 2000 ; Wiley, 2009 ) . For several helpless old ages, I witnessed the annihilating effects for those kids that child protection services failed. When child protection workers would describe risk-assessment consequences, I was repeatedly astonished by results, which failed to take from unhealthy place environments. Consequently, I developed an involvement in lending factors in risk- appraisal. To convey the complexness of viing factors that influence risk-assessment results, the undermentioned subdivision provides some brief background information about kid protection services and extra information around the risk-assessment procedure. Background Canada s Child, Family, and Community Services Act ( CFCS ) ( 1996 ) , is the major beginning of information that guides each state in the development, ordinance and execution of kid protection services. Recent amendments to the Canadian Criminal Code ( 1985 ) , such as the controversial ) legal duty to describe suspected child abuse/maltreatment, provide extra legal guidelines. In British Columbia ( BC ) , the Ministry of Child and Family Development ( MCFD ) , is responsible for supervising the quality and bringing of Child Protection Services. Independent agreements exist between the MCFD and 24 separate Aboriginal kid protection Agencies. National estimations suggest that on any given twenty-four hours, more than 67 000 Canadian kids ( 9.2 kids per 1000 ) will be populating in out-of-home attention ( Garrison, 2004 ; Gough, 2007 ; Trocm, Tourigny, MacLaurin, A ; Fallon, 2003 ) British Columbia`s part to this figure represents 1 % of the province`s kids, although a disproportional sum of these kids are Aboriginal2. Approximately equal Numberss of females ( 48 % ) and males ( 52 % ) live in attention scenes with a combined mean age of 9.0 old ages ( Child and Youth Officer for British Columbia, 2005 ; Connolly, 2007 ; Hardiker, Exton A ; Barker, 1991 ) . Risk-assessment and Decision Making Out-of-home attention environments chiefly refer to kinship attention ( household member ) , foster attention, and residential/group attention installations, independent or assisted life installations, and formal institutionalization ( e.g. , infirmaries or mental wellness establishments ) ( Rosen 1999 ; Trocm et Al, 2003 ; Waechtera et Al, 2009 ) . Child in short-run attention ( expecting a lasting arrangement ) consist 40 % of this population, and the staying 60 % represents kids in long-run attention arrangements ( lower limit of five uninterrupted old ages ) ( Fisher, Burraston, A ; Pears, 2005 ; Kelly A ; Milner, 1996 ; Solomon, 2002 ) . Research has identified countries of important concern associated with each of these environments, including but non limited to child ill-treatment from health professionals, isolation, unequal Foster parent showing, preparation, hapless rearing accomplishments, negative equal influences, aberrant equal bunch, and instability ( Garrison, 2004 ; Okagaki A ; Luster, 2005 ; Rosen, 1999 ; Solomon, 2002 ) . Risk-assessment refers to the determination doing procedure of kid public assistance workers look intoing the possible dangers associated with a kid s primary attention environment ( Connolly, 2007 ; Kelly A ; Milner, 1996 ) . Typically, these appraisals are intended to formalize allegations of child ill-treatment ( Gilbert et al. , 2009 ; Wiley, 2009 ) . Despite the high bets associated with each of these results, there are no mandated procedural criterion associated with the appraisal procedure. This appraisal is a mostly subjective opinion or rating of the badness of possible injury to the kid ( Drury-Hudson, 1999 ) . There are three possible results of a hazard appraisal matching to perceived badness of the hazard and age of the kid ( see Figure 1 ) . Family Development Response ( FDR ) is likely when the risk- is considered high, yet manageable through intercessions that target adult behaviors. If the hazard is moderate or higher ( and the kid is old plenty ) Youth Services Response may be considered. When the risk- is immediate, and severs, the lone available resort is to get down a kid protection probe. Child Protection: Goals Child protection services are one manner that kids s rights are enforced and upheld and to the addition the likeliness of the kid to develop the features ( personality and behavioural ) associated with success and wellbeing in maturity. The intended intent of kid protection is to safeguard kids from immediate and future injury. The focal point of most protection probes is on the attempts and ability of health professionals to supply a supportive environment that does non endanger the safety and well-being of the kid, and promotes cognitive, physical, and emotional developmental procedure ( Waechtera et al. , 2009 ) . Unfortunately, these ends seldom achieved. When compared to non-care population, research probes systematically describe kids in attention as more aggressive, antisocial and are more likely to show pathological and or job behaviors ( Chamberlain, 2003 ; Simms, Dubowitz, A ; Szilagyi, 2000 ; Rosen, 1999 ) . Additionally, kids in attention are four times as likely ( 65 % of kids in attention ) to be diagnosed with one or more clinical mental wellness status ( e.g. , Oppositional Defiance Disorder, Reactive Attachment Disorder, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, A ; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ) ( Three, 2001 ; Provincial Health Officer of BC, 2001 ; Wiggins, Fenichel, A ; Mann, 2007 ) . Furthermore, kids in attention are prescribed more pharmacological interventions ( e.g. , Ritalin ) for longer periods, at higher doses ( Vitally, 2001 ) . The intent of this paper is to analyze theoretical and empirical support for the patterns associated with the risk-assessment procedure and results. Attachment Theory has been extensively applied within societal services patterns and research. Direct mentions to Attachment Theory are found throughout pattern guidelines for kid protection services. Attachment Theory Attachment Theory has traditionally been regarded as the theoretical span between early childhood development research and clinical societal work patterns ( McMillan, 1992 ) . The influence of Attachment Theory within kid protection services is permeant to the point of being identical ( Byrne, 2005 ; Haight, Kagle, A ; Black, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Attachment Theory, critical, developmental periods in the first old ages of life where the quality of a child-caregiver fond regard relationship is important for wellness development ( Bowlby, 1999 ; Bretherton, 1992 ) . Bowlby believed that the critical map of the parent-child fond regard relationship was the formation of an internal working theoretical account that formed the footing for womb-to-tomb forms of interpersonal behaviors and shaped all facets of later formed relationships ( Bacon A ; Richardson, 2001 ) . Attachment Theory and Child Protection Practices: Summary of Research It is apparent that Attachment Theory has exerted considerable influence upon kid protection patterns ( Axford, Little, Morpeth, A ; Weyts, 2005 ; Schore A ; Schore, 2008 ) . Child protection guidelines often and specifically mention to Attachment Theory when depicting theoretical support for recommended patterns ( Bacon A ; Richardson, 2001 ; Trevithick, 2000 ) . For illustration, practicians guidelines recommend that when kid public assistance workers respond to allegations of maltreatment, the risk-assessment should see the manner of the fond regard relationship between a kid and female parent, and equilibrate the effects of interrupting a unafraid fond regard against the effects of perceived risk- ( Harris, 2009 ; Simms et al. , 2000 ) . Consistent with cardinal renters of Attachment Theory, the importance of familial relationships is emphasized throughout policies and patterns, including the showing of adoptive parents ( e.g. the recommendation that kid public assistance work ers assess adoptive parent in footings of the attachment potency ) , child detention findings, curative support ( i.e. , Family focused therapy ) , and risk- appraisal ( Barth, Crea, John, Thoburn, A ; Quinton, 2005 ; Lopex, 1995 ; McMillen, 1992 ) . Moderate grounds indicates that under specific conditions, there is empirical grounds to back up appraisal of fond regard relationship ( Axford et al. , 2005 ; Byrne, OConnor, Marvin, A ; Whelan, 2005 ) . These conditions include hazard appraisal affecting babies and/or kids less than two twelvemonth of age, handiness of high quality alternative attention environment, usage of standardised fond regard steps ( i.e. , Ainsworth s Strange Situation trial ) and sufficient clip available for a lower limit of two appraisal chances ( OConnor A ; Byrne, 2007 ) . Unfortunately, there appears to be small research support for the above recommendations in all but the specific conditions described above. Recent research indicates that cardinal elements of Attachment Theory are frequently misinterpreted by practicians and unsuitably applied to state of affairss that contradict research recommended parametric quantities ( Holland, 2001 ) . No grounds links manner of fond regard with a class of action in risk- appraisal ( Barth et al. , 2005 ) . Practitioner guidelines seem to exaggerate the extent of empirical support warranting usage of attachment appraisal in high bets decision-making procedures ( Connolly, 2007 ; Trevithick, 2000 ) . Extra concerns have been raised around a concerning inclination in the attachment research to pull unsupported decisions, an erroneous usage of correlational research designs ( vs. experimental ) , inappropriate usage of appraisal methods, dismissing environmental confounds, a deficiency of respect for extra-familia l relationships, and a inclination to impute jobs to lacks in rearing ( Harris, 2009 ; Solomon, 2002 ) Final Remarks Overall, Attachment Theory is consistent with the household focal point of kid protection patterns, nevertheless, there is no grounds associating this model with improved long-run results. Reported benefits and related successes appear to happen about indiscriminately, and rare, and frequently are limited to unrealistic illustration of attention environments that in no manner stand for the much harsher world. There appears to be a demand for practician instruction to better their apprehension and reading of Attachment Theory. It appears there is besides a demand to set up standardised appraisal processs, including the development and debut of research validated assessment tool. As it presently exists, the scope, badness, and prevalence of developmental jobs noted among kids in attention, the high fiscal costs to society, the deficiency of intercession schemes, and the 20 old ages of negative growing, are undeniable grounds of our blue failure as a society to protect our most vulnerable members ( Chamberlain, 2003 ; Farruggia, Greenberger, Chen, A ; Heckhausen, 2006 ; Okagaki A ; Luster, 2005 ; Sims, Dubowitz, Szilagy, 2006 ) .

Concepts of Operations Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Concepts of Operations Project - Essay Example Incident Response team (IRT) is the operational team of specialists responsible for performing an UC Davis Misuse Committee and Incident Response Team that is determined by the nature of the incident. A high level oversight of Incident Response Team (IRT) is offered by Misuse Committee. (Kovacich, 2003) Misuse Committee will be composed of Director of Resource Planning and Budget, Human Resources Director, Director of Internal Audit Services, UCDMC Compliance Officer and Chief of Police. The Chairperson of the Misuse Committee determines the company's designated Information Resource Security Guidelines Coordinator that will participate in the misuse Committee. This will be so during a discussion any suspected abuse or misuse of computing resources. In regards to IT incidents, the key responsibility of the Misuse Committee is to provide operational guidelines to the Incident Response Team (IRT). The guidelines include; general investigative protocol, information custody issues, data/evidence preservation, report content and quality assurance. The external law enforcement assistance may be sought by the Misuse Committee to investigate an incident. ... The Misuse Committee in turn approves the de-escalation of an incident from the highest severity rating to a lower severity rating. The Director of Information Technology will be notified of any high level severity incident or incident containment action in the judgment of the committee that disrupt the broad availability of UC Davis electronic circumstances by the Misuse Committee. He will also inform the Director of Information of any other incident that requires initiation of investigation communication or company-wide coordination with the external law enforcement agencies or collateral organizations. The operational capability of the Computer Incident Response Team (CIRT) is to determine the best strategy to put the structure in place. They compare which strategy has worked well for others within their industry in order for them to establish guidelines on an effective incident response capability. Week One Goal Mission Statement B Concept Company's mission statement toward the development of an Information Systems Security Incident is to protect communications and promote standards that give them a unique advantage. The main aim of this policy is to ensure that B concept members are aware of their responsibilities toward safeguarding information assets of the company and also ensure that: The company meets it commitment of protecting information like the one mentioned in the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Guidelines; That there is continued operations within the company facilitated by dependent on electronic access to information; The members and company's partners protects their personal information,